Network Monitoring Windows - How to Access Your Windows Network to Run Smoothly

Network monitoring is a buzz word lately. Networks are taking over the computer world, and as such, it is no wonder how monitoring of this feature is getting greater exposure and generating greater interest. As networks nowadays connect a few people in an office across a LAN, or dozens across the world through the Internet, network administrators are in high demand, especially to help with monitoring such an important portal now. The most-used computer operating system in the world doesn't escape this rush, and a feature we all hear of nowadays is network monitoring Windows.

But what exactly does network monitoring do? Basically, a network is monitored to ensure that it is accessible, that security is tight and cannot be breached, and also to maintain good performance. Monitoring your network allows for analysis of traffic, information packets on the network, number of users, and whether the output on the network is generated by its users or by a silent, covert program such as a Trojan which may be siphoning information. Network monitoring applications cover all these aspects, and often go in deeper to offer more details about network stats. Windows did not miss the ball on this aspect though, and many are unaware that it has provided everyone with a tool that can be termed as network monitoring Windows.

Actually termed Network Monitor, this computer system monitoring tool is available on Microsoft products, though it isn't installed on default. However, there are two versions. The full version is included with SMS Server, and is one which allows the user to monitor any machine on the network, as well as determining which user is using more bandwidth. This version also allows finding out which protocols are using the most bandwidth, locating network routers and resolving device names into MAC addresses. The other version of Network Monitor comes with Windows Server 2003, but it isn't as effective as the other one. Though similar, this version only allows the user to analyze traffic sent to or from the server the program is working on.

Network Monitoring Windows - How to Access Your Windows Network to Run Smoothly

Network monitoring Windows, through the Networking Monitor tool, can be activated through the Add/Remove Programs tab in the Control Panel. Located under Add/Remove Windows Components, it may require the user to insert the Windows installation CD to complete.

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Types of Network Topology

Network topology refers to the physical layout of the network i.e. the locations of the computers and how the cable is run between them. To select the right topology for how the network will be used is very important. Each topology has its own strength and weaknesses.

The choice of a topology for installing a computer network depends upon a combination of factors such as, reliability, performance of the system, number of nodes and geographical distribution of the system.

The main 2 types are

Types of Network Topology

Bus Topology & Peer to Peer Topology

Peer to Peer topology consists of Star topology and Ring topology.

Bus Topology

It is often used when network installation is small, simple or temporary. On a typical bus network the cable is just 1 or more wires with no active electronics to amplify the signal or pass it along from computer to computer. This makes the bus a passive topology. When 1 computer send a signal up the wire all the computers receive the information but only one with the address that matches accepts the information, the rest disregard the message.

Advantages:

1) Easy to use and to understand.

2) Requires least amount of cable to connect the computers together. It is therefore less expensive than other cabling arrangements.

3) It is easy to extend a bus; two cables can be joined into 1 longer cable with a BNC, Barrel connector making a longer cable and allowing more computers to join the network.

Disadvantages:

1) Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably as only 1 computer can send a message at a time.

2) It is difficult to troubleshoot the bus. A cable break or loose connector causes reflection and stops all the activity.

Star Topology

In this kind of topology all the cables run from the computers to the central location where they are all connected by a device called hub or switch. Each computer on a star network communicates with a central device that resends the message either to each computer or only to the destination computer, e.g. if it is a hub then it will send to all and if it is a switch then it will send to only destination computer.When network expansion is expected and when the greater reliability is needed, star topology is the best.

Advantages:

1) It is easy to modify and add new computers without disturbing the rest of the network.

2) The center of the star network is a good place to diagnose the faults.

3) Single computer failure does not necessarily bring down the whole star network.

Disadvantages:

1) If the central device fails the whole network fails to operate.

2) Star networking is expensive because all network cables must be pulled to one central point, requires more cable than other network topologies.

Ring Topology

In this type each computer is connected to the next computer with the last one connected to the first. Each retransmits what it receives from the previous computer. The message flows around the ring in one direction. The ring network does not subject to signal loss problem as a bus network experiences. There is no termination because there is no end to the ring.

Advantages:

1) Each node has equal access.

2) Capable of high speed data transfer.

Disadvantages:

1) Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole network.

2) Difficult to troubleshoot the network.

Topologies remain an essential part of network design speculation. But understanding these can help you to get the deeper knowledge of the elements like hub, switch etc.

Types of Network Topology
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Network Marketing Tips - 5 Tips to Climb Your Opportunity Ladder

Every network marketer needs network marketing tips to become highly successful in their business. Multi-level marketing, like any other business model, requires of commitment. It requires a clear understanding of the industry and how it works, plus some ingenious strategy to differentiate your business from the rest out there.

In every MLM business opportunity, you are competing with those outside your company i.e. other MLM companies and those inside the company itself, which would be your fellow distributors belonging to other organizations or groups. It is important to be able to attract the right people into your empire, so you can generate huge amounts of sales which would propel your position into the uppermost rung of the opportunity ladder.

How do you get the right people to join into your organization? Here are 5 network marketing tips you can use right away.

Network Marketing Tips - 5 Tips to Climb Your Opportunity Ladder

Tip#1: Be a Leader

A charismatic leader never fails to attract attention wherever he goes and in whatever situation he is in. In the MLM industry, becoming a leader is crucial.

Whether you realize it or not, people don't join products or compensation plans. People join people. People will join you solely because of your leadership and track record. At the end of the day, the company doesn't matter, as long as your prospects feel you can lead them to the promise land.

Tip #2: Goals

It is crucial to have goals in place to help you identify what you want from your MLM business. Different compensation plans require different strategies to succeed; therefore you need both long term and short goals in order to succeed.

Spend time writing down actionable goals, so that you can check them off as you go!

Tip #3: Genuine Interest

It is important to have a genuine interest for the MLM products you're selling. You have to be able to talk passionately about your products. Even when you are creating a website to promote your MLM program, it is important to have a real interest or your apathetic nature will display itself.

Tip #4: Responsibility

Be a responsible person and keep all appointments. Be on time and do not make others wait for you. Punctuality is a very important criterion when you want to be successful in multi-level marketing. No one wants to deal with a leader who arrives half an hour late and blames it on a traffic jam.

Tip #5: Flexible

Things change and sometimes you need to adapt to the changing circumstances to reach your goal. Life does not travel in a straight path and the distance between two points need not be a straight line, It can be curvy and winding so be prepared for anything that comes.

The most important thing is to have the right set of skills and the right leads to pursue.

Listen, if you want a clear marketing plan that will help you get allot more cash-in-hand, by generating up to 75 leads per day, click one of the links below:

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Data Collection Jobs - How to Make Extra Money From Home Easily With Data Network Affiliates

Data collection jobs are about to become easier, much more profitable, and available to virtually all who want to know how to make extra money from home, thanks to data collection companies such as Data Network Affiliates. In this economy that is a true blessing! If you've ever wondered how go work from home, but are afraid of getting scammed, this information will come as a true blessing.

You see, data collection companies have traditionally required their employees to be involved in some type of personal interaction with others. Take, for example, telemarketing jobs that require the employee to cold call strangers and ask them questions, survey takers such as those you sometimes see at the mall, or door to door consensus workers.

In today's world, where everybody seems to be in a hurry and many people either don't trust others or don't want to step out of their comfort zones to help, these are tough jobs.

Data Collection Jobs - How to Make Extra Money From Home Easily With Data Network Affiliates

Thankfully, there is a new classification of data collection jobs that alleviates these problems. Not only can they be incredibly profitable, but they require absolutely no interaction with the subjects involved. There are no job interviews, and anyone who's interested in how to make extra money from home can do this as long as they are of legal age.

There will be many methods available for people to assist data collection companies as this concept comes to fruition. Currently Data Network Affiliates in phase 1, which simply requires people working these data collection jobs to collect random license plate numbers and report the location where the vehicles were spotted.

Not only will these jobs provide income for millions who want to know how to make extra money from home, but they will be instrumental in helping to find missing children, retrieving stolen cars, and many other worthy endeavors.

Consider the Amber Alert program, which was adopted in an effort to help locate abducted children. The success of this incredibly costly program relies on the public's support in actively looking for vehicles that are identified through an Amber Alert.

Yes, this is a phenomenal program, and has resulted in locating and saving many children. How many more children could be helped, though, if a national database existed that tracked real time locations of vehicles? It is a well known fact that most abducted children are kidnapped by a family member. If you think for a moment of the impact that this type of database will have, this revolutionary concept adds great hope for millions of families who have been devastated by the abduction of a son or daughter.

Data collection jobs created by companies such as Data Network Affiliates also have the potential to help millions of people who are struggling financially. Did you know that the gathering of information has become a multi billion dollar industry? What better way could there be to fuel this industry, than to pay ordinary people to perform this simple task?

There are many data collection companies, but I'm focusing here on one called Data Network Affiliates. There are several reasons for this,

It's simple. You can make money every month simply by submitting license tag information for only 20 vehicles per month It Can Be Done Anywhere. There are no location requirements, so you can do this in your own neighborhood, at the mall, or while away on vacation. It Will Take You Very Little Time. In fact, you could go out for a cup of coffee, gather 20 license plate numbers while you relax, and be done for the month There is No Cost Involved. While some of the other data collection jobs require an entry fee or a website fee. Data Network Affiliates is totally free to join, and provides a free website to all who enroll.

We are in a new age, with a new economy, and I believe that Data Network Affiliates will be a Godsend to millions of people.

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Have you been searching for information on how to make extra money from home? You may have seen data collection jobs posted online that require entry and website fees, and been afraid of getting scammed. The thing that attracted me about Data Network Affiliates is that there is absolutely no cost involved. It's simple, it makes sense, and it will help millions of people. You can find more information, and join for free, on my Viral Network Affiliates website. Click on the link and join today, after all you have nothing to lose and everything to gain!

Dish Network Internet - What You Need to Know

As a stay at home mom with two small children and an online business to run, my days are pretty full. After the little ones go to bed, my husband helps me get merchandise ready to ship and I spend a couple of hours online, every night, building what I hope will one day become a hugely successful business.

When I first decided to pursue an Internet business, I spent a great deal of time making sure I chose the all the right ingredients that would give me the best chance for success. I did some research before choosing a hosting company for my website and finally selected one that guaranteed 99% uptime. If your site is down, your business is closed.

The problem I quickly discovered is that it doesn't matter how good the hosting company is or how much uptime they have if your Internet connection goes out! And mine did, over and over again, sometimes simply because it was raining, other times for no apparent reason at all. I complained repeatedly to my Internet provider and while they were apologetic, nothing was ever done to assure me that it wouldn't continue to happen.

Dish Network Internet - What You Need to Know

One day I was complaining about it to one of the women in my networking group and she told me how happy she was with her Internet access through Dish Network. I didn't even know Dish Network offered Internet service! I thought it was just a satellite TV system. After we hung up, I jumped online and started looking for more information.

I finally found what I was looking for. All the information I needed to make an informed decision was presented in the most straightforward way possible. It was easy to understand and the ordering process was an absolute breeze. Dish Network offers promotional discounts that change from time to time and when I subscribed to my satellite package through that website I was able to save a great deal of money. I'm not saying you'll get the same deal I got, but I've included the link below so you can check it out for yourself.

You don't have to own an online business to benefit from Dish Network's Internet service. I was so pleased with our service that I told my mom and both my sisters about it. I gave them the same link you'll find at the end of this article. My sister Shelly lives on a farm so far from town that she's never even been able to get cable. But with Dish Network, she now gets more channels than cable even offers PLUS her Internet connection via satellite. She was absolutely thrilled to finally feel like she had joined everyone else in the 21st century.

In fact, it doesn't matter where you live; Internet access is available to you through Dish Network. They've partnered with Wildblue to provide Internet service to the most remote areas you can imagine. As long as you've got a spot with southern exposure Dish Network can bring the world into your home.

You don't have to take my word for it. Click on the link below, visit the site and decide for yourself. All I can tell you is that it was one of the best decisions I've made for my business. I never have to worry anymore about not being able to sign on. I'd have paid a high price for that peace of mind. Thanks to the site listed below, and Dish Network, I didn't have to. Go check 'em out and you'll see what I mean.

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Dish Network Vs Direct TV

When it comes to satellite television programming, your choice usually comes down to Dish Network vs Direct TV. By comparing these two satellite television providers, you can find the one that works best for you and your television viewing, so that you make the most of the money that you spend. Where do you begin your comparison of Dish Network vs Direct TV?

You will first want to compare the number of channels and the type of channels that are offered from each satellite provider.

Here is the basic rundown of the offerings of each service. For around per month, Dish Network offers a satellite package of 100 top channels with the local channels. For the same amount, Direct TV offers a package of 140 top channels and includes 50 XM Satellite radio channels as well. This price for the Direct TV includes local channels as well.

Dish Network Vs Direct TV

By comparing the offerings for each price that fits your budget, you can find the right satellite provider for you and your needs.

Another comparison that you will want to make is the price of the components that are needed to get the satellite programming.

For the most part, these components are offered free if you sign up for service for a particular length of time, but sometimes there is a rental fee that is associated with components, which can cause your monthly fee to be more than the programming cost.

Be sure that you read the fine print of your contract to be sure that you completely understand the terms, so that there will not be any surprises.

Customer service is much the same for both companies. They each offer a 24 hour a day, seven days a week customer service line, which will allow you to get in touch with them any time that you need it.

Dish Network is ranked #1 in customer service for cable and satellite providers, but Direct TV is right behind them at #2. This shows you how much they value their customers and work to keep them happy versus cable providers.

One thing that Direct TV offers you that Dish Network doesn't is some really cool sports viewing ability. This does cost extra, but the bird's eye view and extra features that you get from these packages may be well worth the additional cost.

The sports that offer you these amazing views are NASCAR, NBA basketball, major league baseball, NFL football, hockey, and more. If you are a sports fanatic, then you will want to consider Direct TV for this programming.

When comparing Dish Network vs Direct TV, you will want to include those parts of television viewing or features that are important to you. If price is your main consideration, then use this as the main comparison. If sports are your thing, then use sports as your main comparison.

By customizing your comparisons to your viewing and needs, you will find the right satellite programming option for you and your needs.

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These are both like your own private satellite TV recommendation service. Arm yourself with the information you need before you sign on the dotted line.

Are You an Alpha, Pre-Alpha Or Beta Personality? - Your MLM-Network Marketing Business Depends on It

Now this is some good stuff. One of the best things that you can do if you are in or about to participate in a Multi Level or lead driven business, is to analyze why some people seem to sponsor people effortlessly, while the majority struggle.

I remember sitting in meetings watching successful marketers; I always knew there was something different about them; it was something I could feel, but never put my finger on.

Well, I finally came across an alternative type Network Marketing leader, his name is Mike Dillard. I have to tell you, the sponsoring/lead building portion of this business has been completely transformed with this new approach.

Are You an Alpha, Pre-Alpha Or Beta Personality? - Your MLM-Network Marketing Business Depends on It

Not Understanding These Personality Traits Can Kill Your MLM Business:

How? First let's define an Alpha, Pre-Alpha, and a Beta personality:

Alpha: An alpha is that guy or girl that is automatically one of the leaders in every situation. People flock to them on a sub-conscious level. They exude value and confidence at all times.

Pre-Alpha: A pre-alpha is someone aware of all the tools and knowledge to become an alpha. They are aware that they are on the way to a dominate leadership role; they may be starting to conduct their own meetings and asking for help only when absolutely necessary.

Beta: The beta typically have very little confidence or business value to offer (at least on the surface). This group is unsure in most situations. They typically live reactionary lives, where others dictate how it is so to speak. Complaining is always in season for these folks.

The good news is that wherever you are you can change. I consider myself an alpha on my way to super-alpha! Even before I learned of this new way of conducting a successful MLM/Network marketing business, I had pretty good success with leadership and sponsoring.

Don't make the mistake of thinking that you can't do it. There is no one more deserving of a thriving business than you. I mean that. You see; even though some people have alpha or automatic leadership karma, they enjoy the fact that others don't have it!

Well, I am here to tell that even if you don't have it, you can get it, you deserve it, and you should not let any one deprive you of the benefits of leading. Think of all the people you can help. OK off the soap box I go. Get further information and I will see down the road.

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Linksys WMB54G Vista Setup - How to Configure Wireless Music Bridge to Work With Your Computer

Streaming music from your computer speakers wirelessly via wi-fi sounds like a great idea and it is but if you purchased a Linksys WMB54G and tried setting it up on your Vista machine, chances are you gave up and threw the device out the window. Thanks to Google and some trial and error, I figured out how to get this "non-Vista" device working on a Vista computer.

It's amazing to me that Linksys didn't make this device Vista compatible but I am not here to write about that. Instead, I will show you step by step how to get this wireless music bridge to work on your computer.

1. Throw the CD that came with the unit out! If you happen to run the software on your computer, you will have more problems than you can image.

Linksys WMB54G Vista Setup - How to Configure Wireless Music Bridge to Work With Your Computer

IMPORTANT - The utility program is registry heavy so if you installed the old version that came on the CD, you will most likely have issues even if you UN-install it and install the new version. I had to do a system restore and restored my system prior to installing the original utility program.

2. Go to Linksys Drivers and download

XP, Vista Setup Wizard (XP and Vista) Ver.2.18

XP, Vista Firmware (XP and Vista) Ver.2.18

3. Connect the wireless music bridge directly into the Ethernet port of your computer - NOT into your router (you will loose Internet connection unless you are using wireless so print this page in case you need to come back to these directions.

4. Run the firmware program - it's pretty self explanatory - make sure the device is plugged into the wall and your computer and do not interrupt the process. The new firmware version should be 2.18

5. Once the firmware is upgraded, run the installation program by double clicking on the "setup" file.

6. Click where it says "Click here to start" - this will detect the bridge connected to your Ethernet port. Once connected, you can add a password, change the name and set it up to be seen on your wireless network.

*If you use WPA or WPA2 security in your network, it is the equivalent to PSK and PSK-2 in the Linksys setup so just be aware that you will not see anything about WPA

7. Once the device is all configured, it will ask you to install the utility which is the program that runs on your computer that sends the audio to the device. Follow the on screen prompts and install the utility. You will probably get an error after installing the utility because it will not run on Vista as is - just close the error message and continue.

8. After everything is installed, you can disconnect the Ethernet cable from your computer.

HERE IS THE IMPORTANT PART TO GET IT WORKING IN VISTA

9. Click on Start and type in "msconfig" where it says "start search".

10. Click on the startup tab and find "CMflywave Application" - uncheck the box to the left of it and click OK.

11. Find these three files on your hard drive:

cmas2ds.exe

cmflywav.exe

wmb54g.exe

(look for them inside the linksys install folder in program files)

12. Right-click on each of these files and go to properties - Then find the compatibility tab and check the box where it says "Run this program in compatibility mode for: and select (Windows XP Service Pack 2) and then click OK.

13. Now, double click on these 3 files in this order:

cmas2ds.exe

cmflywav.exe

wmb54g.exe

The utility should now run successfully in Vista. Click on "Scan for music bridge" and your device will show up in the list. Click on the device and click "connect" and now all your audio will be sent to the bridge.

....................................................................................................................................

So a few days went by and all of a sudden, the music was not being transferred to the wireless bridge. I do not know if I reboot or what but now whether the bridge showed as connected or not, the music was just coming out of the computer speakers.

What I did then was go to my sound settings and right click on the active device for the computer speakers - I then disabled them.

Next I reboot the computer and when it came back up, I verified that the computer speakers were disabled. I then went to the Linksys folder and double clicked on cmflywav.exe and wmb54g.exe (NOT cmas2ds.exe)

The bridge was able to connect and the music transferred.

In conclusion, this device was more headache than it was worth. I paid with shipping for a refurbished model and all the hours wasted trying to get it to work were not worth the money I saved on the device. If you are not a tech savvy person, this device is NOT for you. Linksys needs to get on the ball and resolve all the software issues with the WMB54G.

Linksys WMB54G Vista Setup - How to Configure Wireless Music Bridge to Work With Your Computer
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Wide Area Network (WAN)

Types and Characteristics of WANs

What is a WAN?

There are two prevailing definitions of a Wide Area Network (WAN). The book definition of a WAN is a network that spans large geographical locations, usually to interconnect multiple Local Area Networks (LANs). The practical definition of a WAN is a network that traverses a public network or commercial carrier, using one of several WAN technologies

Wide Area Network (WAN)

What are its Main Components?

The main components for a WAN are routers, switches and modems. These components are described below in the hardware section.

CPE - Devices on the subscriber premises are called customer premises equipment (CPE).
The subscriber owns the CPE or leases the CPE from the service provider. A copper or fiber cable connects the CPE to the service provider's nearest exchange or central office. This cabling is often called the local loop, or "last-mile".

DTE/DCE - Devices that put data on the local loop are called data circuit-terminating equipment, or data communications equipment (DCE). The customer devices that pass the data to the DCE are called data terminal equipment (DTE). The DCE primarily provides an interface for the DTE into the communication link on the WAN cloud.

Hardware

In a WAN you will need various types of hardware components for it to function. The typical items of hardware that you will need in a WAN are:

Router - An electronic device that connects a local area network (LAN) to a wide area network (WAN) and handles the task of routing messages between the two networks. Operates at layer 3, and makes decisions using IP addresses.

Switch - A switch is a network device that selects a path or circuit for sending a unit of data to its next destination. Operates at layer 2, and uses MAC addresses to send data to correct destination.

Modem - Short for modulator/demodulator, a modem enables a computer to communicate with other computers over telephone lines. Operates at layer 1, where signals are converted from digital to analogue and vice versa for transmission and receiving.

Wan Standards

WANs operate within the OSI model using layer 1 and layer 2 levels. The data link layer and the physical layer. The physical layer protocols describe how to provide electrical, mechanical and functional connections to the services provided by the ISP. The data link layer defines how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the wrapping of data in a particular protocol header. Remember that WANs operate at the physical layer and the data link layer of the osi model and that higher layer protocols such as IP are encapsulated when sent across the WAN link. Serial interfaces support a wide range of WAN encapsulation types, which must be manually specified. These types include SDLC, PPP, Frame delay etc. Regardless of WAN encapsulation used it must be identical on both sides of the point to point link.

Packet and Circuit Switching

Circuit switching and packet switching are both used in high-capacity networks.
The majority of switched networks today get data across the network
through packet switching.

Circuit-switching is more reliable than packet-switching. Circuit switching is old and expensive, packet switching is more modern.

General Routing Issues

What is a Routing Protocol?

A routing protocol is a protocol that specifies how routers communicate and exchange information on a network. Each router has prior knowledge of its immediate neighbours and knows the structure of the network topology. The routers know this because the routing protocol shares this information.

Protocol

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) was one of the most commonly uses protocols on internal networks. Routers use RIP to dynamically adapt changes to the network connections and communicate information about which networks routers can reach and the distance between them. RIP is sometimes said to stand for Rest in Pieces in reference to the reputation that RIP has for breaking unexpectedly and rendering a network unable to function.

Routing Algorithms

Distance Vector

This type of routing protocol requires that each router simply inform its neighbours of its routing table. The distance vector protocol is also known as the bellman-ford algorithm.

Link State

This type of routing protocol requires that each router maintain a partial map of the network. The link state algorithm is also know as Dijkstra's algorithm.

IGRP

IGRP is a type of distance vector routing protocol invented by cisco used to exchange routing data in a autonomous system. Distance vector protocols measure distances and compare routes. Routers that use distance vector must send all or a portion of their routing table in a routing update message at regular intervals to each neighbour router.

Addressing and Routing

What does routing mean?

Routing is the process of deciding how to move packets from one network to another.
The directions also known as routes can be learned by a router using a routing protocol then the information is passed from router to router along the route of the destination.

IP Address's

Every machine connected to the internet is assigned an IP address. An example of an IP address would be 192.168.0.1. IP addresses are displayed in decimal format to make it easier for humans to understand but computers communicate in binary form. The four numbers that separate an IP address are called Octets. Each position consists of eight bits. When added to together you get 32 bit address. The purpose of each octet in an IP address is to create classes of IP addresses that can be assigned within a network. There are three main classes that we deal with Class A, B and C. The octets of an IP address are split into two parts Network and Host. In a class A address the first octet is the network portion, this determines which network the computer belongs to, the last octets of the address are the hosts that belong to the network.

Sub netting

Sub netting allows you to create multiple networks within a class A, B or C address. The subnet address is the address used by your LAN. In a Class C network address you would have a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. A subnet mask identifies which portion is network and which is host. For example 192.168.6.15 the first octet three octets are the Network address and the last octet being the host(Workstation). It is important to subnet a network because gateways need to forward packets to other LANS. By giving each NIC on the gateway an IP address and a Subnet mask it allows the gateways to route packets from LAN to LAN. Once the packet arrives at its destination, the gateway then uses the bits of the subnet portion of the IP address to decide which LAN to send the packets.

Circuit Switched Leased Lines

A circuit switched network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate. Here are some terminologies associated with a Circuit switched network.

Frame relay is a telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission between local area networks (LANs)

Basic rate interference is a service used by small business for internet connectivity. An ISDN BRI provides two 64 Kbps digital channels to the user.
Primary rate interface (PRI) is a telecommunications standard for carrying voice and data transmissions between two locations
All data and voice channels are ISDN and operate at 64kbit/s

Packet Switching

http://www.raduniversity.com/networks/2004/PacketSwitching/main.htm - _Toc80455261

Packet switching refers to protocols in which messages are broken up into small packets before they are sent. Each packet is then transmitted over the Internet. At the destination the packets are reassembled into the original message. Packet switching main difference from Circuit Switching is that that the communication lines are not dedicated to passing messages from the source to the destination. In Packet Switching, different messages can use the same network resources within the same time period.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, packet switching network and protocolwhich encodes data into small fixed-sized cells.

ISDN is used to carry voice, data, video and images across a telephone network. ISDN stands for integrated services Digital Network. Isdn also provides users with a 128kbps bandwidth. This is done through frame relay. Frame relay complements and provides a service between ISDN, which offers bandwidth at 128 Kbps and Asynchronous Transfer Mode which operates in somewhat similar fashion to frame relay but at speeds from 155.520 Mbps or 622.080 Mbps. Frame relay is based on the older X.25 packet switching technology and is used to transmit analogue signals such as telephone conversations.

PSDN stands for packet switched data network and is a data communication network. Packet switched networks do not establish a physical communication signal like the public telephone does (circuit switched network) Packets are sent on a fixed length basis and assigned with a source and a destination address. The packets then rely on the routers to read the address and route the packets through the network.

Mobile and Broadband Services

Digital Subscriber line(DSL) is mainly used to bring high bandwidth connections to homes and small business's over a copper wire telephone line. This is can only be achieved if you stay within the range of the telephone exchange. DSL offers download rates of up to 6mbps allowing continuous transmission of video, audio and 3D effects. DSL is set to replace ISDN and compete with the cable modem in providing multimedia to homes. DSL works by connecting your telephone line to the telephone office over copper wires that are twisted together.

Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line is most commonly used for home users. It provides a high download speed but a lower upload speed. Using ADSL, up to 6.1 megabits per second of data can be sent downstream and up to 640 Kbps upstream.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line is a digital subcriber line which runs over one pair of copper wires. The main difference between ADSL and SDSL is the difference in upload and download speeds. SDSL allows the same upstream data rate and downstream data rate as ADSL upstream can be very slow.

[http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0],,sid7_gci558545,00.html

HDSL High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line, one of the earliest forms of DSL, is used for wideband digital transmission within a corporate site and between the telephone company and a customer. The main characteristic of HDSL is that provides equal bandwidth in both directions.

IDSL is a system in which data is transmitted at 128 Kbps on a regular copper telephone line from a user to a destination using digital transmission.

The Local Loop enables operators to connect directly to the consumer via copper local loops and then add their own equipment to offer broadband and other services. This process involves operators accessing local exchange buildings to connect to a network of copper lines which connect them to homes and businesses. BT is an Example of a Local Exchange. The local loop connecting the telephone exchange to most subscribers is capable of carrying frequencies well beyond the 3.4 kHz upper limit.

Benefits of using DSL

DSL can provide virtually instantaneous transmission of voice, data and video over ordinary copper phone lines. A DSL connection can eliminate delays when waiting to download information and graphics from the Internet. It provides users with a cost effective high speed Internet connection. Another benefit is that a DSL connection is always on-line (like a LAN connection) with no waiting time for dialling or connecting.

There are now more than 10 million broadband connections in the UK. By December 2005 there were 9.792 million broadband connections in the UK and the average broadband take up rate during the three months to December was more than 70,000 per week.

Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Troubleshooting Your Dish Network Receiver

It has happened to all of us. It's fourth and ten with just 1:42 to go in the second half - and of course your team is down. The weather outside is getting worse and worse. Suddenly, the image on your TV looks eerily like the snow falling outside your window. It is a race against the game clock to get picture back on your TV before you have to resign and just look for the score on the evening news.

Remember, only on a rare occasion will you lose picture with Dish Network - when you do, more often than not, there is nothing wrong with your equipment or the service. This article discusses some of the easiest and fastest ways to troubleshoot your Dish Network receiver.From High in the Sky to Your Dish Network Receiver

Dish Network uploads programming to its satellites via gigantic transmission stations on earth. The digital image travels upward through the atmosphere where it eventually finds satellites orbiting the Earth miles above the United States. Those satellites capture and resend the digital signal in such a way that nearly everyone with a plain view of the sky can receive it. The signal is collected by the ubiquitous mini-dishes and sent through cables to your Dish Network receiver, which is set up to decode and convert the digital signal to a viewable picture. That viewable picture is transferred to your brand-new, 56 inch widescreen plasma TV, where only moments ago you were watching the second half of your favorite team's football game.The Game Plan

Troubleshooting Your Dish Network Receiver

If you suddenly lose picture on your TV, the problem could be in any one of six places - but before you panic, let me tell you you're only going to have to check four of them.The Dish - If something interferes with the signal getting from the satellite down to your dish the picture is obviously going to suffer. If the signal is completely blocked, your picture will disappear. Make sure that there is nothing between your dish and where your dish is pointing in the sky. This could include: a tree branch, your motor home, your neighbor's motor home, a build-up of snow, ice, or excessive water on the dish, or anything else you could possibly imagine. Luckily, the solution is simple. Get the signal flowing freely back to your Dish Network receiver by removing the obstruction. Of course, if the obstruction is your neighbor's prize winning oak tree, be judicious as you contemplate ways of removing it (i.e. talk to her about it and figure out a solution together). If it is ice or snow just wipe the dish clean, and you'll be back to your game before they even snap the ball. The Cables and Connections - The wiring and connecting pieces that carry the signal from the dish to your Dish Network receiver could also be part of the problem. It is unlikely that the image will suddenly cut out on you, especially in the fourth quarter, if the wiring is bad. The easiest way to test this is to ensure that the integrity of the cables is still intact and that all of the connections are tight. If you are still not getting picture to your television, try plugging the cables into another TV, or routing the picture through your VCR. If you still have no football game, try using different cables. If the picture comes back at any time while you are doing this, you've honed in on where the problem is and you can go about fixing it... after the game, of course. Your Dish Network Receiver - On a very rare occasion, your receiver may stop receiving or decoding the signal properly. To fix this, simply unplug the receiver for 30 seconds and then plug it back in. (Don't worry - 1:42 can last anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes at the end of a football game.) You can also try taking the programming card out of the receiver and then putting it back in again. Both of these steps help reset the receiver, and it should start functioning properly again as soon as you turn it back on. Your New Plasma TV - I'm no expert on troubleshooting TVs that cost more than my car, but checking the cables and connections is never a bad thing. A word of advice from one who has been there and done that - make sure the back of your huge, heavy television is readily accessible. The only thing that will make you more angry than missing the miracle comeback of your favorite team in that game you are missing, is dropping that massive television on your toes as your were breaking your back moving it out from the wall.

The good news is your team came back from behind and won. The better news is you read this article and were able to watch it live. The best news is you kept your cool and because your wife was so impressed with the way you handled the whole situation, she bought you a pool table.

Troubleshooting Your Dish Network Receiver
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Nick Smith is an internet marketer specializing in corporate internet branding [http://www.10xmarketing.com/Learning-Center/Glossary/Corporate-Internet-Branding-2.html]. For more information about a Dish Network receiver [http://dishnetworkproducts.com/articles/dish-network-receiver.php] or to order, visit DishNetworkProducts.com.